The average UK citizen will brush their teeth over forty thousand times in their life time, using a staggering eighty liters of toothpaste. And it's such a routine part of our everyday lives. And the only time we think about it is when it runs out.
一般的英國公民在他們一生中會刷超過四萬次的牙，使用驚人的八十公升牙膏。而這是我們日常生活中如此般平淡的一部分。而我們唯一想起它的時候是在它用完的時候。
Now that's a shame because toothpaste is fascinating stuff. Tooth care remedy has been around for thousands of years. The world's oldest surviving formula is Egyptian, and it was made from mint, flowers, salt and pepper. It dates to the fifth century A.D. And by all accounts it worked very well, although it did have the nasty side effect of making your gums bleed. Having said that, it was far less hazardous than some twentieth century brands.
那樣真的很糟糕，因為牙膏是個迷人的東西。牙齒保健藥物已存在數千年之久。現存世上最古老的配方是埃及的，它以薄荷、花朵、鹽巴和胡椒製作而成。它起源於西元五世紀。而且據大家所說，它非常有效，然而它確實有討厭的、讓你牙齦流血的副作用。儘管如此，它遠不及某些二十世紀的品牌要來得危險。
In the Second World War, German scientists from the nuclear industry developed radioactive toothpaste with thorium for their domestic home market. It cleanses. It kills germs. It's radioactive. Fantastic! Now why didn't that catch on?
二次大戰期間，核能業界的德國科學家用釷元素發產出了具放射性的牙膏，供給當地家庭市場。它清潔。它殺菌。它有放射性。太棒了!而為何那沒有流行起來呢？
So thorium wasn't a great idea, but other additives were much successful. In 1901, a dentist in Colorado Springs noticed that locals had far fewer cavities than was the norm. The reason was eventually tracked down to high natural levels of fluoride in the water. From this basic observation, fluoride quickly became the dental wonder additive of choice.
所以釷不是個好點子，不過其他的添加物成功得多。1901年，一位科羅拉多溫泉市的牙醫察覺到，當地民眾的蛀牙遠低於基準。原因最後追蹤發現，水裡的天然高含量氟化物。從這簡單的觀察，氟化物迅速成為奇妙的牙科添加物的選擇。
So what goes into modern toothpaste? And how does it work? Well, the number one ingredient is something abrasive, you know, something to scrub your pearly whites.
那現代牙膏的成分有什麼？然後它是如何運作的？這個嘛，首要成分是某種有磨蝕作用的東西，你知道，.某種擦拭你那珍珠般皓齒的東西。
For this, toothpaste manufactories typically use baking soda, or chalk, or even silica (which is a refined type of sand), then many add whitener, flavoring, something to make you foam, something to bind it altogether and finally fluoride.
為了這玩意兒，牙膏製造商基本上使用小蘇打粉、或白土粉，或甚至矽土(一種細微的砂粒)，接著，許多添加漂白劑、香料、某種讓你起泡泡的東西、某種把全部結合在一起的東西，然後最後氟化物。
Now did you know you can make your own toothpaste out of simple household ingredients? For this recipe, all you need to do is mix three tablespoons of baking soda with one tablespoon of salt. Then add three teaspoons of glycerin. Mix them all together with a dash of water. And finally add one teaspoon of peppermint, and hey presto: do-it-yourself toothpaste.
你知道你可以用簡單的家庭材料製作你自己的牙膏嗎？關於這秘方，所有你得做的只是將三茶匙的小蘇打粉和一茶匙的鹽巴混和。然後加上三茶匙的甘油。用點水將他們全部混在一起。然後最後加入一茶匙的薄荷油然後，我變!我變!我變變變：DIY牙膏。
For a proper test of its effectiveness, I'm going to stain my teeth with licorice.
為了有關它效力的適當測試，我要用甘草糖來弄髒我的牙齒。
I have some very sugary pop.
我有一些含糖量很高的汽水。
Now my teeth feel awful. So let's put this homemade toothpaste to the test.
現在我的牙齒感覺糟透了。所以我們來試驗一下自製牙膏吧。
I feel that. Gosh! Seriously, feel good. I feel much better. It tastes quite minty, very abrasive. It's incredibly salty. But it's cleaning my teeth. I feel so much better.
我感覺到了。天啊!說真的，感覺不錯。我覺得好多了!它薄荷味很重，摩擦力很強。它超鹹的。但它正在清理我的牙齒。我感覺好太多了!
And hopefully my teeth look a little bit cleaner. Um, homemade toothpaste: it works.
希望我的牙齒看起來乾淨一點點。嗯，自製牙膏：它有效。
- 「用完、耗盡」- Run Out
And the only time we think about it is when it "runs out".
而我們唯一想起它的時候是在它用完的時候。 - 「據大家所說、據說」- By All Accounts
And "by all accounts" it worked very well, although it did have the nasty side effect of making your gums bleed.
而且據大家所說，它非常有效，然而它確實有討厭的、讓你牙齦流血的副作用。 - 「儘管如此、即使如此」- Having Said That
"Having said that", it was far less hazardous than some twentieth century brands.
儘管如此，它遠不及某些二十世紀的品牌要來得危險。 - 「追蹤、搜索」- Track Down
The reason was eventually "tracked down" to high natural levels of fluoride in the water.
原因最後追蹤發現，水裡的天然高含量氟化物。 - 「我變我變我變變變」- Hey Presto
And finally add one teaspoon of peppermint, and "hey presto": do-it-yourself toothpaste.
然後最後加入一茶匙的薄荷油然後，我變！我變！我變變變：DIY牙膏。 - 「試驗，測試」- Put To The Test
Now my teeth feel awful. So let's "put this homemade toothpaste to" the test.
現在我的牙齒感覺糟透了。所以我們來試驗一下自製牙膏吧。
